Dependência funcional dentro e fora de casa em pessoas idosas com 75 anos ou mais: diferenças entre os sexos / Functional disability inside and outside of home of older adults aged 75 years and older: differences between males and females / Dependencia funcional dentro y fuera del hogar en ancianos de 75 años o más: diferencias entre sexos

O sexo é um importante fator a ser considerado na compreensão da dependência de cuidados na velhice. Objetivo:Verificar fatores associados à dependência, dentro e fora de casa, em pessoas idosas com 75 anos ou mais, com ênfase na diferença entre os sexos. Metodologia:Pesquisa transversal com dados do estudo FIBRA. A capacidade funcional nas Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD) foi dividida em atividades realizadas dentro de casa (uso do telefone, manejo da medicação, tarefas domésticas e preparo da refeição) e atividades realizadas fora de casa (fazer compras, utilizar transporte e manejo do dinheiro). As variáveis independentes incluíram aspectos sociodemográficas e de saúde. Foram estimadas razões de prevalência por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson a fim de verificar as variáveis associadas com dependência dentro e fora de casa. Resultados:A amostra foi composta por 804 idosos. Dentro de casa, não houve fatores associados à dependência para o sexo masculino. Enquanto para o sexo feminino, os fatores associados foram fragilidade (RP = 1,99; 95%IC: 1,26-3,15) e 80 anos e mais (RP = 1,41; 95%IC: 1,05-1,89). Quanto à dependência fora de casa, a fragilidade destacou-se como um fator associado a ambos os sexos, masculino (RP = 2,80 95%IC: 1,17-6,64) e feminino (RP = 1,98 95%IC: 1,24-3,17). Conclusões:Para o sexo feminino, a idade avançada e a fragilidade foram os fatores de maior associação com dependência, tanto para o ambiente dentro quanto fora de casa. Para o sexo masculino, a fragilidade foi o único e grande determinante de dependência nas atividades fora de casa, apresentando prevalência maior do que a encontrada na amostra do sexo feminino (AU).

Sexis an important factor to be considered tocomprehendoldage care dependencyObjective:Verify associated factors to dependency, in and out of home, in persons with 75 years or more, with emphasis on sexdifferences. Methodology:Cross-sectional research with data from the FIBRA Study. The functional dependence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) was divided in activities performed inside home (using telephone, managing medicine, housework and meal preparation) and activities performed outside home (shopping, transportation and managing finances).The independent variable included health and sociodemographic aspects. Estimates on prevalence ratios were made using multiple Poisson regression models to verify the many variables associated with dependency inside and outside home. Results:The sample was composed of 804 older people. Inside home there were not any factors associated with dependency in the males. However, in the females the associated factors were frailty (PR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.26-3.15) and 80 and older (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.05-1.89). As to dependency outside home, frailty was a factor that stood out in both sexes, male (PR = 2.80 95%CI: 1.17-6.64) and female (PR = 1.98 95%CI: 1.24-3.17). Conclusions:To women, older age and frailty were the strongest factors of dependency, to both inside and outside home. To men, frailty was the strongest and single dependency factor for dependency in outside activities, showing a higher prevalence than that of the female sex (AU).

El sexo es un factor importante queconsiderar en la comprensión de la dependencia del cuidado en la vejez. Objetivo:Verificar los factores vinculados a la dependencia, dentro y fuera del hogar, en ancianos de 75 años o más, con énfasis en la diferencia entre los sexos. Metodología:Investigación transversal con datos del estudio FIBRA. La capacidad funcional en las Actividades Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria (AIVD) se dividió en actividades realizadas dentro del hogar (uso del teléfono, administración de medicamentos, tareas domésticas y preparación de comidas) y actividades realizadas fuera del hogar (hacer compras, uso del transporte y manejo del dinero). Las variables independientes incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Las razones de prevalencia se estimaron utilizando modelos de regresión múltiple de Poisson con el fin de verificarlas variables vinculadas con la dependencia dentro y fuera del hogar. Resultados:El muestreofue constituidopor 804 ancianos. Dentro del hogar, no hubo factores asociados con la dependencia de los hombres. Mientras que, para las mujeres, los factores asociados fueron fragilidad (RP = 1,99; IC95%: 1,26-3,15) y 80 años y más (RP = 1,41; IC95%: 1,05-1,89). En cuanto a la dependencia fuera del hogar, la fragilidad se destacó como un factor asociado a ambos sexos, masculino (RP = 2,80 IC95%: 1,17-6,64) y femenino (RP = 1,98 IC95%: 1,24-3,17). Conclusiones: Para el sexo femenino, la edad avanzada y la fragilidad fueron los factores más vinculados a la dependencia, tanto para el ambiente dentro como fuera del hogar. Para los varones, la fragilidad fue el único determinante importante de dependencia en actividades fuera del hogar, con una prevalencia mayor que la encontrada en elmuestreofemenino (AU).

Prevalência de problemas vocais entre professores da educação básica e sua relação com o nível de atividade física / Prevalence of vocal problems among teachers of primary education and its relationship with the level of physical activity

Resumo Introdução A atividade física é benéfica para a manutenção da saúde, qualidade de vida, bem-estar físico e psicológico. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que abordam a prática de atividade física e os problemas vocais. Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de problemas vocais e sua associação com o nível de atividade física em professores de escolas públicas da educação básica. Método Estudo transversal analítico com amostra probabilística por conglomerado em estágio único composta de 634 professores. A variável dependente referiu-se à existência de problemas vocais (quatro ou mais sinais/sintomas). As variáveis independentes foram relacionadas aos aspectos sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, hábitos de vida e saúde, consideradas na modelagem como fatores de ajuste. O nível de atividade física foi mensurado pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ (versão curta). Procedeu-se à análise descritiva, bivariada e múltipla (Regressão de Poisson). Resultados Houve alta prevalência de sinais/sintomas vocais (79,2%), bem como daqueles com quatro ou mais sinais/sintomas, denominados de problemas vocais (27,3%). No modelo final ajustado, a prevalência de problemas vocais foi maior entre professores do sexo feminino (RP=1,9), com maior tempo de docência (RP=1,3), com qualidade de vida insatisfatória no domínio físico (RP=1,9) e no domínio psicológico (1,4) e entre os professores sedentários/insuficientemente ativos (RP=1,3). Conclusão A prática de atividade física mostrou relação com a saúde vocal mesmo após controle por outras variáveis, o que enfatiza a necessidade de conscientização e estímulo aos professores quanto à prática de atividade física.

Abstract Background Physical activity is beneficial for maintaining health, quality of life, physical and psychological well-being. However, there are still few studies that have the practice of physical activity and vocal problems. Objective To identify the prevalence of vocal problems and their association with the level of physical activity in public elementary school teachers. Method A cross-sectional analytical study with a probabilistic sample of a single-stage conglomerate composed of 634 teachers was carried out. The dependent variable was the existence of vocal issues (four or more signs/symptoms). The independent variables were related to sociodemographic, occupational, and life and health aspects, and they were considered in the modeling as adjustment factors. The level of physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ (short version). Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple analyzes were performed (Poisson Regression). Results There was a high prevalence of vocal signs/symptoms (79.2%), as well as those with four or more signs/symptoms, called vocal problems (27.3%). In the adjusted final model, the prevalence of vocal problems was higher among female teachers (PR = 1.9), with a longer teaching period (PR = 1.3), with poor quality of life in the physical domain (PR = 1.9) and in the psychological domain (1.4), and among sedentary/insufficiently active teachers (PR = 1.3). Conclusion The practice of physical activity showed a relationship with vocal health even after controlling the other variables, which emphasizes the need for teacher awareness and encouragement regarding the practice of physical activity.

Internações pediátricas por condições sensíveis à atenção primária no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil: reavaliação após 10 anos / Pediatric hospitalizations due to primary care sensitive conditions in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil: reassessment after 10 years

Resumo Introdução As internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) representam um importante indicador de saúde, que pode orientar sobre o acesso e a qualidade da assistência à saúde no âmbito da atenção primária. Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados às ICSAP em crianças de zero a 10 anos incompletos, no norte de Minas Gerais, comparando o indicador com estudo similar realizado há dez anos. Métodos Estudo transversal com amostra aleatória de hospitalizações pediátricas selecionadas entre junho/2016 e agosto/2017. As variáveis associadas às ICSAP foram identificadas após análise múltipla, por meio da regressão de Poisson, com variância robusta. Resultados Foram analisadas 376 hospitalizações. A proporção de ICSAP foi de 29,0%, significativamente menor do que o estudo anterior, com proporção de 41,4%. As variáveis sexo masculino (RP = 0,91; IC95%:0,86-0,97), baixo peso de nascimento (PR = 0,91; IC 95%: 0,85-0,97) e escolaridade materna inferior a oito anos (RP = 0,93; IC 95%: 0,88-0,98) foram identificados como fatores protetores. Conclusão Registrou-se prevalência ainda elevada para as ICSAP, mas com importante redução em dez anos. Apenas variáveis sociodemográficas se mostraram associadas às ICSAP.

Abstract Background Hospitalizations due to primary care sensitive conditions (HPCSC) represent an important health indicator, which can guide the access and quality of health care in the context of primary care. Objective To assess the prevalence and factors associated with HPCSC in children aged 0 to 10 years old, in northern Minas Gerais, comparing the indicator with a similar study carried out 10 years ago. Methods Cross-sectional study with a random sample of selected pediatric hospitalizations from June/2016 and august/2017 was carried out. The variables associated with HPCSC were identified after multiple analysis, using Poisson Regression, with robust variance. Results 376 hospitalizations were analyzed. The proportion of HPCSC was 29.0%, significantly lower than the previous study, with a proportion of 41.4%. The variables male gender (PR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86 - 0.97), low birth weight (PR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85 - 0.97) and maternal education below eight years (PR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88 - 0.98) were identified as protective factors. Conclusion There was still a high prevalence for HPCSC, but with an important reduction in 10 years. Only socio-demographic variables were shown to be associated with HPCSC.

The 100 Most-Cited Papers in Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Bibliometric Analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the 100 most-cited articles in DH and analyze their characteristics. Material and Methods: A search was performed on the Web of Science (WoS) and the 100 most-cited articles were selected. The following data were extracted: citations, year of publication, authorship, institution, country, journal, language, study design, topic of interest, conflict of interest (COI), and sponsorship. The VOSviewer software was used to visualize bibliometric networks. Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure associations between several citations and the characteristics of the studies. Results: The number of citations ranged from 346 to 48. The most-cited article was published in 1997 by Holland in the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. This journal published the most papers, followed by the Journal of Oral Rehabilitation and Journal of Dentistry. Laboratory research, review, and clinical trial were the study designs most prevalent. Reviews (p<0.05; PR= 1.853) and method development studies (p<0.05; PR= 1.853) had a more chance to present more citations. The main topics of interest were the clinical effectiveness of desensitizers and in vitro analysis of dentin morphology. Sponsorship and COI were underreported. England and USA presented the greatest number of citations and connections in the coauthorship network map. Conclusion: Most of the articles were original research, and their topics of interest were mainly the clinical effectiveness of desensitizing agents and dentin morphology.

Método de captura y recaptura: una experiencia de su aplicación para determinar la incidencia de diabetes gestacional / Capture and recapture method: anexperience of itsapplication to estimatetheincidence of gestational diabetes

Los métodos de captura y recaptura (MCR) se emplean en la estimación de poblaciones mediante la utilización de diferentes fuentes de datos, disponibles e incompletas, que registran por separado un mismo evento. En esta metodología, las fuentes son utilizadas para extrapolar el número de individuos no registrados, usando la información recopilada sobre los individuos sí registrados. Este artículo describe todos los pasos de su aplicación práctica, a partir de un ejemplo de estimación de la incidencia de diabetes gestacional en una institución, a partir de cinco fuentes documentales. (AU)

Capture-recapture (CRM) methods are widely used to estimate populations by using different data sources, available and incomplete, that record the same event separately. In these methods, the available sources are used to extrapolate the number of unregistered individuals, using the information collected on the individuals that are registered. This article describes all the steps of its practical application, based on an example of estimating the incidence of gestational diabetes in an institution based on five documentary sources. (AU)

Association between the Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio and New-onset Subclinical Macrovascular and Microvascular Diseases in the Chinese Population / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#The association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with subclinical macrovascular and microvascular diseases has been less investigated. We sought to examine the association between NLR and new-onset subclinical macrovascular and microvascular abnormalities in the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#From a community cohort, we included 6,430 adults aged ≥ 40 years without subclinical macrovascular and microvascular diseases at baseline. We measured subclinical macrovascular and microvascular abnormalities separately using the ankle-brachial index (ABI), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and albuminuria.@*RESULTS@#During a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, 110 participants developed incident abnormal ABI, 746 participants developed incident elevated baPWV, and 503 participants developed incident albuminuria. Poisson regression analysis indicated that NLR was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset abnormal ABI, elevated baPWV, and albuminuria. Compared to overweight/obese participants, we found a much stronger association between NLR and subclinical vascular abnormalities in participants with normal weight. Furthermore, we found an interaction between the NLR and body mass index (BMI) on the risk of new-onset abnormal ABI ( P for interaction: 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#NLR was associated with subclinical macrovascular and microvascular diseases in the Chinese population. Furthermore, in participants with normal weight, the association between NLR and subclinical vascular abnormalities was much stronger.

Asociación del nivel socioeconómico y educacional en los egresos por cáncer de mama en Chile durante los años 2001 al 2016 / Association of the socioeconomic and educational level in the breast cancer hospital outbreaks in Chile during the years 2001 to 2016

Introducción: El cáncer de mama constituye la primera causa de muerte en los cánceres en Chile según Globocan 2018. Dentro de los factores que explican esta alta mortalidad encontramos una baja tasa de detección y de realización de mamografías en los niveles socioeconómicos altos. Es por esto que comprender las causas de defunción y los factores que afectan en la mortalidad y letalidad por cáncer de mama en los últimos 17 años nos permitirá enfocar las políticas públicas de los próximos 50 años. Los objetivos generales de este trabajo fueron caracterizar los egresos hospitalarios en los pacientes por cáncer de mama según la edad, el sexo, la previsión, el nivel socioeconómico y educacional en Chile durante los años 2001 al 2016 y calcular la mortalidad y letalidad específica en estas mismas variables durante los años 2001 a 2016. El objetivo específico es asociar las variables socioeconómicas y educacionales, estimando los Odd's ratios de las variables en los egresos hospitalarios por cáncer de mama en Chile durante los años 2001 al 2016. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte longitudinal retrospectivo en 81,072 egresos hospitalarios y 20,220 defunciones obtenidas de la página DEIS MINSAL, años 2001-2016. Para el análisis univariado se efectuó una regresión de ajuste de tasas Prais-weinstein según edad y sexo según modelo OMS de ajuste de tasas. Para las variables de tipo discreta se describieron mediante porcentajes y tasas y para las variables de tipo continua se utilizó mediana y desviación estándar. Se efectuó un test de smirnov-kolmolgorov para determinar el tipo de distribución y de normalidad de las muestras. Para las variables de tipo dicotómica se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para describir estas variables y determinar la posible asociación entre el nivel socioeconómico y educacional de las pacientes diagnosticadas por cáncer de mama. Resultados: Murieron 1,88 veces más personas de nivel socioeconómico alto con un IC entre 1,83- 1,94 con respecto a la población de nivel socioeconómico bajo. En cambio, las personas con un mayor nivel educacional murieron 0,5 veces menos según la regresión realizada respecto al bajo nivel educacional con un IC entre 0,47- 0,52, pero a menor nivel educacional aumentó 20 veces la mortalidad, constituyendo una causa inversa. Respecto al sexo las mujeres murieron 2,08 veces más que los hombres. Para el nivel socioeconómico alto en relación al bajo un OR [1.88 (1.83 a 1,94)], p<0,0001], para el nivel educacional alto en relación al bajo fue a favor del mayor nivel educacional con OR [0,5 (0,47 - 0,52)] y en cuanto a la comparación de sexos un OR [1,04 (1,03-2,17), p=0,039]. Es decir, la diferencia entre mortalidad que hubo fue significativa para todos los intervalos tanto para sexo, nivel educacional como para nivel socioeconómico. Se encontró una constante de 0,013 de mortalidad basal, es decir, todos tienen 1,3% de riesgo de morir por cáncer de mama independiente del nivel socioeconómico, educacional y del sexo. Conclusión: Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto a la mortalidad entre los niveles socioeconómicos altos y bajos y también en nivel educacional, sin embargo, al realizar los métodos de regresión se obtuvo una mayor mortalidad y mayor riesgo de morir por cáncer de mama en los niveles socioeconómicos más altos asociados a, probablemente, la menor cantidad de tamizajes y realización de mamografías en este estrato. A partir del año 2008 se observó un incremento a los niveles originales observados al inicio del segundo milenio incrementando las diferencias existentes en los índices de desigualdad tanto por nivel educacional como por nivel socioeconómico incrementando en 20 veces respecto al nivel educacional, y 1.88 respecto al nivel socioeconómico.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in cancers in Chile according to Globocan 2018. Among the factors that explain this high mortality, we find a low rate of detection and performance of mammograms in high socioeconomic levels. This is why understanding the causes of death and the factors that affect mortality and fatality from breast cancer in the last 17 years will allow us to focus on public policies for the next 50 years Materials and Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study in 79,996 hospital discharges and 20,220 deaths obtained from the DEIS MINSAL page, years 2001 -2016. For the univariate analysis, a Prais-Weinstein rate adjustment regression was performed according to age and sex according to the WHO rate adjustment model. For discrete type variables, they were described by percentages and rates, and median and standard deviation were used for continuous type variables. A smirnov-kolmolgorov test was performed to determine the type of distribution and normality of the samples. For dichotomous variables, a binary logistic regression model was used to describe these variables and determine the possible association between the socioeconomic and educational level of the patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Abstract: In this observational, longitudinal and retrospective study with 101.292 patients that includes men and women of all ages with diagnosis of breast cancer all along Chile, we´ll analyze the impact of socioeconomic level, evaluated through educational level and money income, into the prevalence, mortality and lethality of breast cancer in the years 2001 to 2016. Results: People with a high socioeconomic level died 1.88 times more, with a CI between 1.83 and 1.94, than those with a low socioeconomic level. On the other hand, people with a higher educational level died 0.5 times less according to the regression carried out with respect to the low educational level with a CI between 0.47 and 0.52, but the lower the educational level the mortality increased 20 times, constituting an inverse cause. Regarding sex, women died 2.08 times more than men. For the high socioeconomic level in relation to the low one an OR [1.88 (1.83 to 1.94)], p<0.0001], for the high educational level in relation to the low one it was in favor of the higher educational level with OR [0.5 (0.47 - 0.52)] and as for the comparison of sexes an OR [1.04 (1.03-2.17), p=0.039]. In other words, the difference between mortality was significant for all the intervals for sex, educational level and socioeconomic level. A constant baseline mortality of 0.013 was found, i.e., everyone has a 1.3% risk of dying from breast cancer regardless of socioeconomic level, educational level and sex. Conclusions: There are statistically significant differences in mortality between high and low socioeconomic levels and also in educational level; however, when regression methods were used, a higher mortality and higher risk of dying from breast cancer was obtained in the higher socioeconomic levels, probably associated with the lower number of screenings and mammograms performed in this stratum. As of 2008, an increase to the original levels observed at the beginning of the second millennium was observed, increasing the existing differences in the inequality indexes both by educational level and socioeconomic level, increasing by 20 times with respect to educational level, and 1.88 times with respect to socioeconomic level.

Capital social e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal de adultos do Sistema Único de Saúde / Social capital and oral health related quality of life in adults of Unified Health System

Objetivo: avaliar a influência do capital social individual na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) de adultos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: este estudo transversal incluiu adultos adscritos às Estratégias da Saúde da Família (ESFs) de Santa Maria, RS. A coleta de dados foi realizada de novembro de 2019 a março de 2020 em quatro ESFs por examinadores calibrados e treinados. O capital social individual, avaliado pela participação em atividades voluntárias e a confiança em vizinhos e amigos, foi considerado o preditor do estudo. Características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde periodontal também foram coletadas. A QVRSB, considerada o desfecho, foi mensurada pelo questionário OHIP-14. Modelos de regressão de Poisson avaliaram a associação entre variáveis independentes e QVRSB. Resultados: ao total, 80 adultos foram incluídos. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, da cor da pele não branca, com menor renda familiar mensal, fumantes, que visitaram o serviço odontológico a menos de um ano e que possuíam sangramento gengival apresentaram altos scores totais de OHIP-14 (P<0,05). A não participação em atividades voluntárias [razão de média (RR): 1,24; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%: 1,03-1,50] e a ausência de confiança em vizinhos e amigos (RR: 1,24; IC 95%: 1,08-1,43) foram associadas a uma pior QVRSB dos adultos. Conclusão: a ausência de um capital social individual influenciou negativamente a QVRSB de adultos usuários do SUS.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the influence of individual social assets on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adult users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (UHS). Methods: This cross-sectional study included adults of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) of Santa Maria, RS. Data collection was performed from November 2019 to March 2020 in four FHSs by calibrated and trained examiners. Individual social capital, assessed by participation in volunteer activities and trust in neighbors and friends, was considered the predictor of the study. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and periodontal health characteristics were also collected. The OHRQoL, considered the outcome, was measured using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Poisson regression models assessed the association between independent variables and OHRQoL. Results: In total, 80 adults were included. Female subjects, of non-white skin color, with lower monthly family income, smokers, who visited the dental service less than one year ago and who had gingival bleeding had high total OHIP-14 scores (P<0.05). Non-participation in voluntary activities [rate ratio (RR): 1.24; confidence interval (CI) 95%: 1.03-1.50] and the lack of trust in neighbors and friends (RR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.08-1.43) were associated with a worse OHRQoL of adults. Conclusion: The absence of individual social assets negatively influenced the OHRQoL of adult UHS users.(AU)

Factors related to the presence of dental erosion and abrasion in peruvian adults / Factores relacionados con la presencia de erosión y abrasión dental en adultos peruanos

Introduction: Non-carious lesions are an oral health problem in adults, consequently it is necessary to create mechanisms for their diagnosis and prevention. Objective: To determine the frequency of erosion, abrasion and related factors in patients treated at a university dental clinic. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 153 adults treated at a university clinic in Lima, Peru, in 2018. Personal aspects (age, sex, characteristics of saliva), dietary factors, health condition, oral habits, and tooth brushing were identified. The presence of abrasion was determined according to clinical criteria through direct observation. Erosion was identified using the Basic Erosive Wear index. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution with robust variances were used. Results: The frequency of dental abrasion (70.6%) is higher than erosion (26.1%). The presence of erosion is associated with asthma (PR= 2.11), abrasion is related to age and poor dental hygiene habits (PR= 1.67 and 1.30, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of dental abrasion is greater than dental erosion. Age and poor dental habits are factors associated with tooth abrasion. The characteristics of saliva regarding pH and salivary flow were within normal p-values.

Introducción: Las lesiones no cariosas son un problema de salud bucal en adultos siendo necesario establecer mecanismos para su diagnóstico y prevención. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de erosión, abrasión y factores relacionados, en pacientes que acudieron a una clínica odontológica docente universitaria. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal en una muestra de 153 adultos asistentes a una clínica docente asistencial de Lima en el 2018. Se identificaron factores personales (edad, sexo, características de la saliva), factores dietéticos, condición de salud, hábitos orales y cepillado dental. A través de la observación directa se identificó la presencia de abrasión de acuerdo a criterios clínicos, y de erosión utilizando el índice Basic Erosive Wear. Se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados con distribución de Poisson con varianzas robustas. Resultados: La frecuencia de abrasión dentaria (70,6%) es mayor que la erosión (26,1%). La presencia de erosión está asociada al asma (RP= 2,11), la abrasión está relacionada con la edad y los malos hábitos de la higiene dental (RP= 1,67 y 1,30 respectivamente). Conclusion: La presencia de la abrasión dental es mayor que la erosión dental. La edad y los hábitos dentales inadecuados son factores asociados con la abrasión dentaria. Las características de la saliva en pH y flujo salival estuvieron dentro de los valores normales.

Sociodemographic and obstetric factors associated with the interruption of breastfeeding within 45 days postpartum - Maternar Cohort Study / Fatores sociodemográficos e obstétricos associados à interrupção do aleitamento materno em até 45 dias pós-parto - Estudo de Coorte Maternar

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate and identify the prevalence of interruption of breastfeeding (BF) in the period of up to 45 days postpartum and the associated sociodemographic and obstetric factors. Methods: cohort of 622 puerperal women, selected between 2018 and 2019 in a reference maternity hospital in the South Brazil. Data collection was carried out in two phases, the first in the maternity hospital during hospitalization of the puerperal woman and the newborn and the second through a telephone call, which occurred 60 days after birth. Poisson regressions with robust variance were performed to identify the factors associated with interruption of BF in the first 45 days of life. The variables that presented p<0.20 in the crude analysis were included in the adjusted analysis. Results: the interruption of BF at 45 days was identified in 14% of the sample. Higher maternal age (PR= 0.46; CI95%= 0.22-0.93), eight years or less of education (PR= 2.11; CI95%= 1.05-4.25), support from the maternal grandmother (PR= 1.91; CI95%= 1.20-3.06) and receiving complement at the maternity hospital (PR= 1.53; CI95%= 1.04-2.25) were factors related to the interruption of BF in the 45-day postpartum period. Conclusion: maternal age ≥35 was a protective factor, and less education, the support of the maternal grandmother and receiving complement at the maternity hospital were predictors of early breastfeeding abandonment.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a prevalência de interrupção do aleitamento materno (AM) no período de até 45 dias pós-parto e avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos e obstétricos associados. Métodos: coorte com 622 puérperas, selecionadas entre 2018-2019 em uma maternidade de referência do sul do Brasil. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em duas fases, a primeira na maternidade durante internação da puérpera e do recém-nascido e a segunda através de ligação telefônica, ocorrida após 60 dias do nascimento. Regressões de Poisson com variância robusta foram realizadas para identificar os fatores associados com a interrupção do AM nos primeiros 45 dias de vida. As variáveis que apresentaram p<0,20 na análise bruta foram inseridas na análise ajustada. Resultados: a interrupção do AM aos 45 dias foi identificada em 14% da amostra. Maior idade materna (RP= 0,46; IC95%= 0,22-0,93),oito anos ou menos de escolaridade (RP= 2,11; IC95%= 1,05-4,25), apoio da avó materna (RP= 1,91; IC95%= 1,20-3,06) e recebimento de complemento na maternidade (RP= 1,53; IC95%= 1,04-2,25) foram fatores relacionados com a interrupção do AM no período de 45 dias pós-parto. Conclusão: a idade materna ≥35 foi um fator protetor e a menor escolaridade, o apoio da avó materna e o recebimento de complemento na maternidade foram preditores do abandono precoce do AM.

Tabus e mitos da atenção odontológica na gestação: um estudo observacional de base hospitalar / Taboos and myths for the dental care during pregnancy: an observational study with a hospital basis

Objetivo: avaliar gestantes internadas no setor de obstetrícia do Hospital Escola da UFPel quanto à necessidade de receber atendimento odontológico de urgência, ao conhecimento a respeito do atendimento durante a gravidez e de como prevenir a doença cárie dentária em seus filhos. Método: este estudo observacional, de base hospitalar e transversal, foi conduzido a partir de instrumento contendo uma entrevista e uma avaliação bucal de 83 gestantes. Os dados foram coletados junto ao leito por dois residentes treinados e avaliados pelo Teste Exato de Fisher e por análise multivariada, com Regressão de Poisson e variância robusta. Resultados: a média de idade das gestantes foi de 28,7 anos, sendo que 31,3% relataram dor dentária, estando relacionada à atividade de cárie e à busca de atendimento odontológico nos últimos 6 meses. Das gestantes avaliadas, 66,2% apresentaram, pelo menos, um tabu ou mito, sendo que realizar tratamento endodôntico foi o mais prevalente. Realizar pré-natal reduziu a presença de tabus ou mitos. Apenas 7,2% das mulheres demonstraram ter conhecimento de como prevenir a doença cárie dentária no filho, sendo significativamente maior nas donas de casa e nas que receberam orientação prévia. Conclusão: o pré-natal favoreceu a redução da presença de tabus e mitos da odontologia na gestação. O cirurgião-dentista tem um papel importante na condução do pré-natal odontológico, para evitar e tratar as odontalgias na gestação e orientar sobre a saúde bucal dos filhos, efetivando a atenção odontológica nos mil dias da criança.(AU)

Evaluate pregnant women admitted to the Obstetrics department at UFPel School Hospital regarding the need to receive urgent dental care, knowledge about this care during pregnancy and how to prevent dental caries in Their child. Method: This observational, hospital-based and cross-sectional study was conducted using an instrument containing an interview and an assessment of the oral cavity of 83 pregnant women. The data were collected at the bedside by trained residents and evaluated by Fisher's exact test and multivariate analysis, using Poisson Regression with robust variance. Results: The average age of the pregnant women was 28.7 years, with 31.3% reporting dental pain, being related to dental caries and dental care-seeking in the last 6 months. Of the pregnant women evaluated, 66.2% had at least one taboo or myth, and endodontic treatment was more prevalent. Prenatal care reduced the presence of taboos or myths. Only 7.2% of women demonstrated knowledge of how to prevent dental caries disease in their child, being significantly higher in housewives and those who received prior guidance. Conclusion: Prenatal care favored the reduction of the presence of taboos and myths about dentistry during pregnancy. The dentist has an important role in the conduction of dental prenatal care, to prevent and treat toothache during pregnancy and to advise on the oral health of their child, providing dental care in the child's first thousand days.(AU)

Condição bucal de mulheres com diabetes mellitus gestacional internadas em um hospital escola no sul do Brasil / Oral condition of women with gestational diabetes mellitus admitted in a school hospital in southern Brazil

Objetivo: avaliar a condição bucal de mulheres com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) internadas no Hospital Escola (HE) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo de base hospitalar, em que dois residentes treinados realizaram a coleta dos dados por meio da avaliação dos prontuários médicos e odontológicos, no período de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020. Os dados socioeconômicos e demográficos e o diagnóstico de DMG foram coletados dos prontuários médicos, enquanto hábitos e condição bucal, dos prontuários odontológicos. A análise dos dados foi realizada no programa Stata 11.0, usando os testes Exato de Fisher e Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: foram avaliados os prontuários de 83 gestantes, destas, 37 (44,6%) apresentavam DMG. A presença de DMG esteve asso-ciada com as gestantes de maior faixa etária (62,2%) e no terceiro trimestre de gestação. Em sua maioria, tinham renda de até dois salários mínimos, eram solteiras, tinham filhos e realizaram pré-natal. Em relação à avaliação bucal, apenas a presença de cálculo dental e inflamação gengival foi estatisticamente associada à presença de DMG (p= 0,030 e 0,014 respectivamente). A autopercepção do sorriso foi considerada ruim por 40,5%, e a maioria teve dentes perdidos por cárie (64,9%). Conclusões: a prevalência de DMG foi alta entre as gestantes internadas, sendo maior em mulheres de mais idade. Presença de cálculo dental e inflamação gengival foram fortemente associadas à presença de DMG, enquanto hábitos bucais e presença de cárie não apresentaram associação. Novas pesquisas, com exames periodontais completos, são necessárias para verifi-car as condições periodontais dessas mulheres.(AU)

Aim: to assess the oral condition of women with Gestacional Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) admitted in a School Hospital (HE)/UFPel. Methods: medical and dental records, from September 2019 to March 2020, were evaluated in this hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study. Socioeconomic and demographic data were collected from medical records, while oral condition and habits were obtained from the dental records. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata 11.0 software using Fisher's exact test and Poisson regression. Results: the medical records of 83 pregnant women were evaluated, of which 37 (44.6%) had GDM. The presence of GDM was associated with pregnant women of older age (62.2%) and most in the third trimester of pregnancy. Most of them had an income of up to two minimum wages, were single, had children and underwent prenatal care. Regarding the oral evaluation, only the presence of dental calculus and gingival inflammation was statistically associated with the presence of GDM (p = 0.030 and 0.014 respectively). The self-perception of the smile was considered bad to 40.5% and many of them had lost teeth due to caries (64.9%). Conclusions: the prevalence of GDM was high in hospitalized pregnant women, being higher in older women. Presence of dental calculus and gingival inflammation were strongly associated with the presence of GDM, while oral habits and the presence of caries were not associated. Further research, with complete periodontal examinations is necessary to verify the periodontal conditions of these women.(AU)

Managing noncommunicable diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: findings from the PAMPA cohort / Manejo de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis durante a pandemia de COVID-19: resultados da coorte PAMPA

Abstract The objective was to identify the impact of social distance in the management of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) in the adult population from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. This is an ambispective, population-based cohort study. Descriptive analysis and Poisson regression models were used and the results were reported as prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals. From a total of 1,288 participants, 43.1% needed medical care and 28.5% reported impaired management of NCDs during social distance. Female sex, age between 18 and 30 years old, living in the Serra region (central region of the state), people with depression and multimorbidity were more likely to have impaired management of NCDs. Being physically active reduced the probability of having impaired management of NCD by 15%. Reduced monthly income was associated with the difficulty in accessing prescription medicine and avoidance of seeking in-person medical assistance. Depression was associated with difficulties in accessing medications, while avoidance of seeking in-person medical assistance was more likely for people with multimorbidity, arthritis/arthrosis/fibromyalgia, heart disease, and high cholesterol.

Resumo O objetivo foi identificar o impacto do distanciamento social no manejo das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) na população adulta do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Este é um estudo de coorte ambispectivo de base populacional. Foi utilizada análise descritiva e modelos de regressão de Poisson, os resultados são apresentados em razão de prevalência e intervalos de confiança de 95%. De um total de 1.288 participantes, 43,1% necessitaram de cuidados médicos e 28,5% relataram manejo prejudicado de DCNT durante o distanciamento social. Sexo feminino, idade entre 18 e 30 anos, residente na região da Serra (região central do estado), pessoas com depressão e multimorbidade apresentaram maior chance de manejo prejudicado das DCNT. Ser fisicamente ativo reduziu a probabilidade de ter gerenciamento prejudicado de DCNT em 15%. A redução da renda mensal esteve associada à dificuldade de acesso a medicamentos prescritos e a deixar de buscar atendimento médico presencial. A depressão foi associada a dificuldades de acesso a medicamentos, enquanto deixar de buscar assistência médica pessoalmente foi mais provável para pessoas com multimorbidade, artrite/artrose/fibromialgia, doenças cardíacas e colesterol alto.

Associação entre equipe de saúde bucal da Estratégia de Saúde da Família e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em adultos / Association between the dental health team of the Family Health Strategy and oral health related quality of life in adults

Objetivo: avaliar a influência da equipe de saúde bucal (eSB) na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bu-cal (QVRSB) de adultos. Métodos: a amostra deste estudo transversal foi composta por adultos adscritos às Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESFs) de Santa Maria, RS. Variáveis sociodemográficas, como idade, sexo, cor da pele, renda familiar e escolaridade, foram avaliadas através de questionário semiestruturado. Variáveis de serviço odontológico foram mensuradas através do motivo de procura ao serviço e da presença de eSB, avaliada a partir dos dados oficiais do município. Biofilme dental, sangramento gengival e cárie dental foram coletados através de exame clínico odontológico. O desfecho foi a QVRSB mensurada pelo questionário OHIP-14. Modelos foram construídos por meio de regressão de Poisson, para avaliar a associação entre presença de eSB e QVRSB. Resultados: ao total, 80 adultos adscritos a quatro ESF (duas com eSB) foram in-cluídos. A ausência da eSB influenciou negativamente a QVRSB de adultos (razão de média: 1,21; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,07-1,36). Além disso, idade, cor da pele não branca, menor renda familiar, menor escolaridade, procura ao serviço odontológico por dor dental e pior saúde bucal foram associados a uma pior QVRSB (P<0,05). Conclusão: indivíduos sem acesso à eSB apresentaram uma pior QVRSB. Estratégias de promoção de saúde devem incluir a ampliação do acesso à ESF, aumentando a equidade no acesso aos cuidados odontológicos.(AU)

Objective: to assess the influence of dental health team (DHT) on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adults. Methods: the sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of adults enrolled in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Santa Maria, RS. Sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, skin color, family income and education level were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Dental service variables were measured through the reason for attending for the service and the presence of DHT, evaluated from the official data of the municipality. Dental biofilm, gingival bleeding and dental caries were collected through clinical dental examination. The outcome was OHRQoL, measured by the OHIP- 14 questionnaire. Models were built using Poisson regression to assess the association between the presence of DHT and OHRQoL. On total, 80 adults enrolled in four FHS (two with DHT) were included. The absence of DHT negatively influenced the OHRQoL of adults [mean ratio: 1.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.36]. In addition, age, non-white skin color, lower family income, less education, attending dental care due to dental pain and poorer oral health were associated with worse OHRQoL (P<0.05). Conclusion: individuals without access to DHT had a worse OHRQOL. Health promotion strategies should include expanding access to FHS, increasing equity in access to dental care.(AU)

Impact of Climate Change on Human Infectious Diseases: Dengue

Abstract Climate is considered an important factor in the temporal and spatial distribution of vector-borne diseases. Dengue transmission involves many factors: although it is not yet fully understood, climate is a critical factor as it facilitates risk analysis of epidemics. This study analyzed the effect of seasonal factors and the relationship between climate variables and dengue risk in the municipality of Campo Grande, from 2008 to 2018. Generalized linear models with negative binomial and Poisson distribution were used. The most appropriate model was the one with "minimum temperature" and "precipitation", both lagged by one month, controlled by "year". In this model, a 1°C rise in the minimum temperature of one month led to an increase in dengue cases the following month, while a 10 mm increase in precipitation led to an increase in dengue cases the following month.

Burden of Outpatient Visits Attributable to Ambient Temperature in Qingdao, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Climate change has been referred to as one of the greatest threats to human health, with reports citing likely increases in extreme meteorological events. In this study, we estimated the relationships between temperature and outpatients at a major hospital in Qingdao, China, during 2015-2017, and assessed the morbidity burden. The results showed that both low and high temperatures were associated with an increased risk of outpatient visits. High temperatures were responsible for more morbidity than low temperatures, with an attributed fraction (AF) of 16.86%. Most temperature-related burdens were attributed to moderate cold and hot temperatures, with AFs of 5.99% and 14.44%, respectively, with the young (0-17) and male showing greater susceptibility. The results suggest that governments should implement intervention measures to reduce the adverse effects of non-optimal temperatures on public health-especially in vulnerable groups.

Young age and sex work are associated with HIV seroconversion among transgender women in São Paulo, Brazil

Background: Transgender women worldwide have among the highest prevalence of HIV and the lowest access to prevention among groups at risk. However, few longitudinal studies have directly measured HIV incidence and identified predictors of HIV acquisition among transgender women. Setting: São Paulo, Latin America's largest city. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study among transgender women in São Paulo. Participants were recruited by a long-chain peer referral process from May 2017 to July 2019. Those age 18 years and older and HIV-negative at baseline were retested every 6 months up to 18 months. HIV incidence was calculated by dividing the number of seroconversions by the person-years (py) of follow-up; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were constructed assuming a Poisson distribution. Conditional maximum likelihood ratios assessed differences in HIV incidence by risk factors. Results: A racial/ethnically diverse sample of 545 transgender women were enrolled. In 485.5 py of follow-up, 13 seroconversions were observed yielding an incidence of 2.68 per 100 py (95% CI 1.43­4.58). HIV incidence was significantly higher among transgender women age 18 to 24 years (rate ratio 3.85, 95% CI 1.24­12.93) and among those who engaged in sex work in the preceding month (rate ratio 5.90, 95% CI 1.71­26.62). Conclusion: HIV transmission continues at a high rate among transgender women in Brazil. Factors such as young age, lower level of education, and limited employment opportunities may lead to dependence upon sex work which in turn increase HIV risk. Transgender-friendly prevention services, particularly programs delivering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are urgently needed.

Associação entre diabetes mellitus e doenças oculares em pessoas com deficiência visual / Association between diabetes mellitus and eye diseases in people with visual impairment / Asociación entre diabetes mellitus y enfermedades oculares en personas con discapacidad visual

Objetivo: verificar associação entre diabetes mellitus e doenças oculares em pessoas com deficiência visual. Método: estudo transversal com 51 pessoas com diabetes e deficiência visual, em um centro de reabilitação visual do interior paulista, que participaram de entrevista estruturada, em 2018. Utilizou-se os testes: Kolmogorov Smirnov, Regressão de Poisson, Regressão de Logística Binária, e Correlação de Spearman. Resultados: a maioria das pessoas era cega e relatou que a retinopatia diabética, o glaucoma e a catarata foram causa da deficiência visual; com tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes acima de 109 meses. A catarata apresentou um nível de correlação baixa (r=0,280 e p=0,047), e a retinopatia diabética um nível de correlação moderada (r=0,565 e p=0,000), considerando o tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes. Conclusão: associação estatisticamente significante entre o tipo de diabetes e a retinopatia, e correlação estatisticamente significante entre o tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes, a catarata e a retinopatia diabética.

Objective: to verify the association between diabetes mellitus and eye diseases in people with visual impairment. Method: this cross-sectional study involved 51 people with diabetes and visual impairment at a Visual Rehabilitation Center in São Paulo, who participated in a structured interview in 2018. The tests used were: Kolmogorov Smirnov, Poisson Regression, Binary Logistic Regression, and Spearman Correlation. Results: most participants were blind, reported that diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and cataracts were the causes of their visual impairment, and had been diagnosed with diabetes over 109 months earlier. Cataract returned a low level of correlation with time with diagnosis of diabetes (r = 0.280 and p = 0.047), and diabetic retinopathy, moderate correlation (r = 0.565 and p = 0.000). Conclusion: a statistically significant association was found between type of diabetes and retinopathy, and statistically significant correlations between the time diagnosed with diabetes, cataracts and diabetic retinopathy.

Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre diabetes mellitus y enfermedades oculares en personas con discapacidad visual. Método: este estudio transversal involucró a 51 personas con diabetes y discapacidad visual en un Centro de Rehabilitación Visual en São Paulo, quienes participaron en una entrevista estructurada en 2018.Las pruebas utilizadas fueron: Kolmogorov Smirnov, Regresión de Poisson, Regresión Logística Binaria y Spearman Correlación. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes eran ciegos, informaron que la retinopatía diabética, el glaucoma y las cataratas eran las causas de su discapacidad visual y habían sido diagnosticados con diabetes más de 109 meses antes. La catarata devolvió un bajo nivel de correlación con el tiempo con el diagnóstico de diabetes (r = 0,280 yp = 0,047) y la retinopatía diabética, correlación moderada (r = 0,565 yp = 0,000). Conclusión: se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tipo de diabetes y retinopatía, y correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el tiempo de diagnóstico de diabetes, cataratas y retinopatía diabética.

Violencia doméstica durante el embarazo en un hospital especializado del Perú: prevalencia y factores asociados / Domestic violence during pregnancy in a specialized hospital in Peru: prevalence and associated factors

INTRODUCCIÓN: La violencia doméstica durante el embarazo se asocia a diversas complicaciones maternas, aborto o muerte fetal. Sin embargo, en Latinoamérica, su caracterización y factores predisponentes no ha sido muy abordado. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados de la violencia doméstica durante el embarazo en un hospital especializado peruano. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal donde participaron 180 puérperas sin complicaciones atendidas en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal. Las prevalencias fueron estimadas por intervalos y las asociaciones mediante la prueba de regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de violencia durante el embarazo fue del 29,44% [IC95%:22,72-36,17%]; la de tipo psicológica alcanzó el 27,78% [IC95%:21,17-34,38%], la física de 8,33% [IC95%:4,26-12,41%] y la sexual de 3,33% [IC95%:0,69-5,98%]. El principal agresor es su actual pareja, quien violenta durante todo el embarazo y de frecuencia eventual, con excepción de la violencia sexual que se presentó semanalmente (83,33%). Los factores que predisponen la aparición de violencia durante el embarazo fueron el presentar sentimiento de tristeza (p=0,042; RPa:1,60) o fracaso en su desarrollo personal (p=0,004; RPa:1,98), ser acusada de infidelidad (p=0,044; RPa:1,74), no recibir el afecto esperado (p=0,028, RPa:1,62) y considerar que nadie debe involucrarse ni enterarse de sus problemas (p<0,001; RPa:2,40). CONCLUSIONES: Cerca de la tercera parte de las gestantes sufren de algún tipo de violencia, siendo la más prevalente la de tipo psicológica y realizada frecuentemente por su pareja. Se han identificado factores que propician su aparición.

INTRODUCTION: Domestic violence during pregnancy is associated with various maternal complications, abortion or stillbirth. However, in Latin America, its characterization and predisposing factors have not been widely addressed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of domestic violence during pregnancy in a Peruvian specialized hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analytical study involving 180 puerperal women without complications attended at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal. Prevalence were estimated by intervals and associations using the Poisson regression test. RESULTS: The prevalence of violence during pregnancy was 29.44% [95%CI: 22.72-36.17%]; the psychological type reached 27.78% [95%CI: 21.17-34.38%], the physical 8.33% [95%CI: 4.26-12.41%] and the sexual 3.33% [95%CI: 0.69-5.98%]. The main aggressor is his current partner, who violently throughout the pregnancy and eventual frequency, except for sexual violence that occurred weekly (83.33%). The factors that predispose the appearance of violence during pregnancy were the feeling of sadness (p=0.042; aRP:1.60) or failure in personal development (p=0.004; RP:1.98), being accused of infidelity (p=0.044; aPR:1.74), not receiving the expected affection (p=0.028, aPR:1.62) and considering that no one should be involved or aware of their problems (p<0.001; aPR:2.40). CONCLUSIONS: About a third of pregnant women suffer from some type of violence, the most prevalent being psychological and frequently carried out by their partner. Factors that promote its appearance have been identified.

Identification of dietary patterns by principal component analysis in schoolchildren in the South of Brazil and associated factors / Identificação de padrões alimentares por análise de componentes principais em escolares do sul do Brasil e fatores associados

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns (DP) and associated factors in first grade school-children in elementary schools in the South of Brazil. Methods: school-based cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 782 schoolchildren aged 6 to 8. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. DP were identified using the principal component analysis and the prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression with a robust variance. Results: four DP were identified and accounted for 25.3% of the total variance: "fruit, vegetables and fish" (8.5%), "sweets and salty snacks" (7.0%), "dairy, ham and biscuits" (5.0%) and "common Brazilian food" (4.8%). After the adjustment, breakfast habit and lower frequency of meals in front of a screen increased the probability of adherence to a high consumption of DP of "fruit, vegetables and fish". The maternal schooling level was linearly and inversely associated with DP of "sweets and salty snacks" and "common Brazilian food", and positively related to the DP of "dairy, ham and biscuits". Schoolchildren with food inse-curity and sufficiently active had higher probability of adherence to DP of "common Brazilian food". Conclusions: four DP were identified and associated with food insecurity, maternal socioeconomic characteristics and schoolchildren's behavioral characteristics.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar padrões alimentares (PA) e fatores associados em escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental de escolas municipais do sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, de base escolar, com uma amostra não-probabilística de 782 escolares, de 6 a 8 anos. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por questionário de frequência alimentar. Os PA foram identificados através da análise de componentes princi-pais e razões de prevalência foram obtidas por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: foram identificados quatro PA que explicaram 25.3% da variância total: "frutas, verduras e peixe" (8,5%), "doces e salgadinhos" (7.0%); "laticínios, presunto e biscoitos" (5.0%) e "comum brasileiro" (4.8%). Após ajuste, hábito de realizar desjejum e baixa frequência de refeições em frente à tela aumentaram a probabilidade de adesão ao consumo elevado do PA "frutas, verduras e peixe". Escolaridade materna associou-se linear-mente e inversamente com o PA "doces e salgadinhos" e "comum brasileiro", e positiva-mente com o PA "laticínios, presunto e biscoitos". Escolares com insegurança alimentar e suficientemente ativos apresentaram maior probabilidade de adesão ao PA "comum brasileiro". Conclusões: identificaram-se quatro PA e foram observadas associações com insegu-rança alimentar, características socioeconômicas maternas e características comportamen-tais dos escolares.